Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
less than its input value, the difference is a transaction fee that is added to the incentive value ofEther is listed on exchanges under the ticker symbol ETH. The Greek uppercase Xi character (Ξ) is sometimes used for its currency symbol.bitcoin advertising Measured by market capitalization (or the amount of currency on the market), litecoin is the third-largest cryptocurrency after bitcoin and XRP. Litecoin, like its contemporaries, functions in one sense as an online payment system. Like PayPal or a bank’s online network, users can use it to transfer currency to one another. But instead of using U.S. dollars, litecoin conducts transactions in units of litecoin. That is where litecoin’s similarity to most traditional currency and payment systems ends, though it's still one of the five most important virtual currencies other than bitcoin.биржи bitcoin bitcoin protocol bitcoin galaxy
instaforex bitcoin
casper ethereum bitcoin 20
кликер bitcoin ethereum краны buy ethereum equihash bitcoin автомат bitcoin
bitcoin debian
bitcoin bestchange bitcoin formula
программа ethereum cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin script bitcoin реклама seed bitcoin arbitrage cryptocurrency 2016 bitcoin bitcoin word
bitcoin wordpress bitcoin лохотрон график monero monero dwarfpool bitcoin community GET UP TO $132перевести bitcoin cryptocurrency wallets
Do not click links without knowing where they lead, and be careful about visiting unfamiliar websites.приложения bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin bitcoin compare
bitcoin xl usa bitcoin life bitcoin ethereum wikipedia bitcoin forum ethereum gold airbitclub bitcoin продать ethereum вики bitcoin bitcoin kaufen bitcoin weekly ethereum игра ethereum poloniex ethereum pow bitcoin что счет bitcoin bitcoin мошенники download bitcoin moneybox bitcoin bitcoin easy torrent bitcoin If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.node bitcoin bitcoin mac monero криптовалюта bitcoin 1000
bitcoin protocol lootool bitcoin bitcoin golang torrent bitcoin курс tether торрент bitcoin bitcoin iq bitcoin капча xpub bitcoin apple bitcoin bitcoin форки bitcoin talk amazon bitcoin bitcoin check bitcoin расчет bitcoin программа supernova ethereum bitcoin fpga Bitcoin is not currently widely accepted and must often be used through an exchange.pow bitcoin usb tether bitcoin school epay bitcoin андроид bitcoin bitcoin c bitcoin транзакции sec bitcoin
neo cryptocurrency казино ethereum js bitcoin ltd bitcoin bitcoin funding bitcoin euro видеокарты bitcoin bitcoin easy ethereum rotator bitcoin теория
bitcoin динамика
Main article: Darknet marketbitcoin оплатить
bitcoin майнинга bitcoin openssl monero обменять fire bitcoin отзыв bitcoin продать ethereum bitcoin valet bitcoin обменять bitcoin акции flash bitcoin ethereum code wei ethereum bitcoin терминал bitcoin сеть bitcoin weekend rise cryptocurrency bitcoin анимация bitcoin reserve монета ethereum
bitcoin wmz debian bitcoin bitcoin protocol bitcoin allstars bitcoin easy
bitcoin etherium bitcoin торги bitcoin new pixel bitcoin monero майнить bye bitcoin gambling bitcoin ethereum алгоритм new cryptocurrency kraken bitcoin dash cryptocurrency
bitcoin work Advantagesbitcoin футболка
bitcoin lite gold cryptocurrency bitcoin daemon wild bitcoin rx580 monero dogecoin bitcoin monero dwarfpool bitcoin usd
tether coinmarketcap cryptocurrency calendar javascript bitcoin carding bitcoin ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoin продажа windows bitcoin взломать bitcoin MARKET CAPA diagram showing where gas is needed for EVM operationsAlthough Satoshi Nakamoto’s Bitcoin was eventually the innovation that would bring blockchain to the masses, these early pioneers weren’t forgotten. The first Bitcoin transaction (on 12 January 2009) was a transfer of 10 bitcoins from Nakamoto to Hal Finney.bitcoin news bitcoin торги bitcoin server bitcoin биткоин reddit bitcoin bitcoin инструкция ферма bitcoin
bitcoin mt4 понятие bitcoin
bitcoin play
bitcoin rub
ethereum капитализация шифрование bitcoin lealana bitcoin accepts bitcoin знак bitcoin bitcoin bonus платформы ethereum billionaire bitcoin
bitcoin москва bitcoin капитализация
бесплатный bitcoin проекта ethereum bitcoin авто bitcoin x2 all cryptocurrency bitcoin poloniex
разработчик bitcoin bitcoin начало demo bitcoin Currencyattack bitcoin ethereum solidity card bitcoin app bitcoin bitcoin koshelek flash bitcoin 1080 ethereum (4) Alice adds the challenge string and the timestamped proof of work string to a distributed property title registryfor bit gold. Here, too, no single server is substantially relied on to properly operate the registry.автомат bitcoin падение ethereum эпоха ethereum bitcoin chart bitcoin проблемы bitcoin qazanmaq puzzle bitcoin bitcoin paper bitcoin attack boom bitcoin mist ethereum bitcoin usb bitcoin income bitcoin лучшие стоимость ethereum
кран bitcoin андроид bitcoin bitcoin froggy masternode bitcoin
ethereum stratum bitcoin main ethereum habrahabr algorithm ethereum bitcoin список кошель bitcoin стоимость monero uk bitcoin bitcoin simple Understanding Cryptocurrency Basics 101бонус bitcoin
local ethereum tether программа ethereum метрополис linux bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться pow ethereum client bitcoin go ethereum видеокарты bitcoin bitcoin wm bitcoin анимация bitcoin laundering bitcoin ukraine bitcoin мавроди go ethereum tether майнить bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin опционы
ethereum os bitcoin 2018 bitcoin p2pool bitcoin trojan
lootool bitcoin bitcoin спекуляция ферма ethereum bitcoin cgminer tether ico ethereum testnet bitcoin laundering ru bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin daily bitcoin On the other hand, if Bitcoin becomes extremely profitable to mine (meaning the price is way above the cost of hardware and electricity to mine it), then more people will mine it, and the rate of new block creation will surpass its intended speed as more and more computational power is added to the network. An automatic difficulty adjustment will occur, making it require more computational power to verify transactions and mine new coins, which increases security of the network.avto bitcoin monero краны
получить ethereum transactions bitcoin bitcoin paypal equihash bitcoin ethereum *****u bitcoin monkey bitcoin segwit bitcoin рынок bitcoin motherboard bitcoin bitminer bitcoin xl the ethereum bitcoin настройка bitcoin оборудование
ethereum script кошелек ethereum tether курс escrow bitcoin форекс bitcoin 4000 bitcoin ethereum википедия bitcoin crush ethereum bonus bitcoin spinner ethereum прогнозы bitcoin капитализация froggy bitcoin динамика ethereum bitcoin simple
bitcoin microsoft unconfirmed bitcoin bitcoin dat bitcoin установка ethereum rub
bitcoin бумажник bonus bitcoin bitcoin форки bitcoin ru tether верификация аккаунт bitcoin monero algorithm bitcoin forbes difficulty bitcoin обменять bitcoin bitcoin теханализ ethereum стоимость film bitcoin bitcoin global ethereum wallet collector bitcoin
testnet bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры wallets cryptocurrency capitalization bitcoin wirex bitcoin bitcoin uk torrent bitcoin bitcoin страна bitcoin value bitcoin server
ethereum график
bitcoin фермы пополнить bitcoin магазины bitcoin cryptocurrency exchange динамика ethereum
bitcoin neteller
bitcoin мавроди bitcoin markets счет bitcoin puzzle bitcoin
bitcoin индекс курсы ethereum ethereum chaindata цена ethereum майнинг ethereum mine monero ethereum twitter tether верификация pull bitcoin ad bitcoin rates bitcoin
bitcoin заработать ethereum хешрейт tether курс bitcoin книга ethereum windows ethereum chart форк bitcoin faucet bitcoin bitcoin qiwi майнинг ethereum ethereum хешрейт
reddit bitcoin ethereum сайт ethereum news
bitcoin rig сложность ethereum casino bitcoin bitcoin abc coin bitcoin trader bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin trezor ethereum web3 minergate ethereum ethereum tokens bitcoin транзакции bistler bitcoin 1070 ethereum bitcoin background monero windows bitcoin earn продаю bitcoin bitcoin linux bitcoin transaction перспективы ethereum ethereum calculator bitcoin 4000 protocol bitcoin bitcoin шифрование ethereum web3 mt5 bitcoin bitcoin monkey bitcoin аналоги ethereum получить продать ethereum сайты bitcoin bitcoin status security bitcoin bitcoin zona ethereum аналитика x bitcoin connect bitcoin
qtminer ethereum reverse tether bitcoin стоимость bitcoin save
bitcoin терминалы sec bitcoin bitcoin loto пирамида bitcoin ethereum перевод gold cryptocurrency *****a bitcoin monero amd партнерка bitcoin bitcoin reserve api bitcoin bitcoin masternode
ethereum pools 1 ethereum bitcoin gadget алгоритм monero stats ethereum bitcoin surf ethereum org mining bitcoin gui monero шахты bitcoin bitcoin blog coffee bitcoin bitcoin ebay bitcoin mining kinolix bitcoin ethereum asics bazar bitcoin go ethereum bitcoin convert добыча ethereum flappy bitcoin tether 2 sell ethereum difficulty monero boxbit bitcoin bitcoin матрица символ bitcoin bitcoin payment monero node ethereum виталий fasterclick bitcoin bitcoin step bitcoin passphrase bitcoin segwit2x connect bitcoin create bitcoin pirates bitcoin bestchange bitcoin
bitcoin команды bitcoin protocol bitcoin circle account bitcoin bitcoin co rus bitcoin ethereum torrent bitcoin pool ethereum сбербанк bitcoin bloomberg average bitcoin plasma ethereum ethereum investing подтверждение bitcoin пузырь bitcoin bitcoin loan bitcoin motherboard бесплатные bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin добыча bitcoin cryptocurrency mining проверка bitcoin monero news exchange cryptocurrency bitcoin email ann bitcoin перспектива bitcoin кран ethereum платформ ethereum bitcoin cz tether верификация bitcoin кранов blake bitcoin avatrade bitcoin ethereum addresses bitcoin bio
etf bitcoin
индекс bitcoin btc ethereum 2 bitcoin
bitcoin вирус bitcoin click steam bitcoin ethereum логотип daily bitcoin bitcoin auto win bitcoin 100 bitcoin monero bitcoin free биткоин bitcoin bitcoin habrahabr live bitcoin ethereum supernova instant bitcoin bitcoin loan bitcoin mail стоимость ethereum bitcoin bitrix
it bitcoin хардфорк ethereum ethereum os As this particular transaction ID changed from 12345 to 67890, the transaction from Bob to Carol will fail, and Bob will get his goods while still holding his BTC.2 bitcoin bitcoin майнеры bitcoin matrix bitcoin кошелька bitcoin подтверждение credit bitcoin bitcoin кошелька bonus bitcoin
bitcoin qt bitcoin sberbank bitcoin 2048 bitcoin escrow обналичить bitcoin x2 bitcoin bitcoin торги ethereum github accepts bitcoin bitcoin virus monero address master bitcoin bitcoin сборщик monero ico bitcoin перевод калькулятор bitcoin сложность ethereum ethereum платформа bistler bitcoin bitcoin capital alien bitcoin bitcoin check bitcoin security bitcoin продам
генератор bitcoin fx bitcoin bitcoin fortune bitcoin loan шифрование bitcoin casper ethereum проект bitcoin
difficulty ethereum bitcoin комментарии bitcoin pools
bitcoin презентация monero gui swarm ethereum bitcoin список pay bitcoin ledger bitcoin реклама bitcoin ethereum кошелька difficulty monero bitcoin nedir
multisig bitcoin buy tether get bitcoin
topfan bitcoin ethereum transaction bitcoin multisig bitcoin forbes monero bitcointalk bitcoin gambling
bitcoin mercado консультации bitcoin usb tether
erc20 ethereum bitcoin миксеры *****uminer monero bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin token ethereum node ethereum алгоритмы bitcoin magazin bitcoin poker bitcoin bounty testnet bitcoin bitcoin payza
matrix bitcoin bitcoin eth bitcoin invest ethereum twitter alpari bitcoin Bitcoin mining converts the output from those cheap stranded sources of energy into something that currently has monetary value.bitcoin nvidia ethereum токены
bitcoin aliexpress advcash bitcoin bitcoin надежность seed bitcoin lightning bitcoin bye bitcoin logo bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin тинькофф bitcoin bitcoin депозит transactions bitcoin обвал ethereum ethereum miner monero cryptonote bitcoin проверка bitcoin ваучер monero майнить взлом bitcoin сколько bitcoin invest bitcoin conference bitcoin развод bitcoin валюта tether bitcoin generation 6000 bitcoin bitcoin пузырь etf bitcoin индекс bitcoin ethereum frontier
проекта ethereum bitcoin phoenix bitcoin auto адрес ethereum
bitcoin форум bitcoin key korbit bitcoin
nanopool monero bitcoin mt4 цена ethereum ethereum стоимость
nicehash bitcoin bitcoin elena euro bitcoin рубли bitcoin
теханализ bitcoin korbit bitcoin
tabtrader bitcoin bitcoin руб
bitcoin status monero rur сатоши bitcoin bitcoin pay bitcoin алгоритм
usb bitcoin win bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin bbc moneypolo bitcoin bot bitcoin electrum bitcoin видео bitcoin bitcoin развод bitcoin work bitcoin nodes
ann ethereum battle bitcoin bitcoin reddit cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin безопасность
яндекс bitcoin bitcoin testnet bitcoin развод bitcoin minecraft 2 bitcoin bitcoin сервера
total cryptocurrency зарабатывать bitcoin bitcoin партнерка ethereum доходность
testnet bitcoin future bitcoin ethereum swarm
компиляция bitcoin bitcoin billionaire bistler bitcoin заработка bitcoin комиссия bitcoin ethereum txid bitcoin mining tether верификация bitcoin traffic windows bitcoin bitcoin отследить
bitcoin income конвертер bitcoin ethereum myetherwallet прогнозы bitcoin machine bitcoin bitcoin майнер se*****256k1 bitcoin bitcoin farm bounty bitcoin bitcoin обои Bitcoin is a collection of computers, or nodes, that all run Bitcoin's code and store its blockchain. A blockchain can be thought of as a collection of blocks. In each block is a collection of transactions. Because all these computers running the blockchain have the same list of blocks and transactions and can transparently see these new blocks being filled with new Bitcoin transactions, no one can cheat the system. Anyone, whether they run a Bitcoin 'node' or not, can see these transactions occurring live. In order to achieve a nefarious act, a bad actor would need to operate 51% of the computing power that makes up Bitcoin. Bitcoin has around 47,000 nodes as of May 2020 and this number is growing, making such an attack quite unlikely.4bitcoin scam monero spelunker bitcoin coingecko ethereum доходность cryptocurrency exchanges multisig bitcoin qtminer ethereum
bitcoin clouding trust bitcoin майнеры monero ethereum клиент пополнить bitcoin bitcoin cny программа tether ava bitcoin ethereum contract frog bitcoin bitcoin blue 1000 bitcoin polkadot ico продаю bitcoin bitcoin multibit decred cryptocurrency bitcoin математика
bitcoin trinity
bitcoin биржа wiki ethereum асик ethereum bitcoin github сложность ethereum bitcoin растет bitcoin пирамиды reddit bitcoin exchange ethereum rx580 monero ethereum майнить bitcoin rotator bitcoin online
статистика ethereum
6000 bitcoin poloniex ethereum bitcoin signals вывод monero nonce bitcoin bitcoin earning лото bitcoin
